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Brussels presents 150 billion euro plan to strengthen EU defense capabilities
On May 27, the European Union will officially approve its €150 billion scheme to increase defense spending within the bloc.
The so-called SAFE (Security Action for Europe) regulation was first proposed in March by the European Commission, in response to calls from member states for financial and political support in meeting new defense objectives pushed forward by NATO – and to potentially be a replacement for Ukraine, should the United States shift its focus elsewhere.
The final regulation, seen by Radio Free Europe, clearly states that "the threats posed by Russia and Belarus are of particular importance and urgency" and must be responded to swiftly.
Due to the time needed to develop protective products and increase industrial production capacity across the EU, the regulation also stresses that it will be "vital" for the European bloc to launch support for member states "as soon as possible, so that they can place orders very quickly."
Hundreds of millions of € suspended, some lost: What did Kosovo suffer from EU measures that are being lifted after 2 years?
Brussels initially responded to member states' calls by activating the national exemption clause for EU military spending, meaning that spending on items such as weapons and ammunition will not be included in the bloc's punitive mechanism for countries that breach EU spending limits.
This created fiscal space – but member states also need money as quickly as possible.
With several capitals keen to quickly access the proposed funds – and without the need for unanimity or approval from the European Parliament – EU ambassadors approved the new law on May 21, with only Hungary voting against.
The new scheme works in the same way as the EU's COVID-19 recovery program, which was worth 800 billion euros.
For SAFE, the bloc will use its top-tier credit rating (AAA) to raise €150 billion on the markets and then lend it to member states. This would be much cheaper than if most EU countries tried to generate the funds themselves by borrowing individually.
Five EU countries – Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Sweden – currently enjoy a AAA rating, so they will likely not need to participate in the scheme, leaving a larger share of potential loans to poorer countries.
Attached conditions
Fakti që huatë kanë një afat maksimal prej 45 vjetësh, nuk duhet të paguhen për dekadën e parë, dhe se vendet nuk do të duhet të paguajnë TVSH për pajisjet e blera, janë avantazhe të tjera që Brukseli shpreson se do të nxisin një bum në shpenzimet për mbrojtje në Evropë.
Por, natyrisht, ka edhe disa kushte të bashkangjitura.
Së pari, shumë vende anëtare të jugut të BE-së, të cilat tashmë janë të ngarkuara me borxhe të tjera, ankohen se – ndryshe nga skema e rimëkëmbjes nga COVID-i, e cila përfshinte edhe komponentë grantesh – kjo iniciativë është ekskluzivisht një hua, që do të rëndojë edhe më shumë financat publike tashmë të tensionuara.
SAFE gjithashtu ka për qëllim të nxisë prokurime të përbashkëta për mbrojtje mes vendeve, me Komisionin Evropian që dëshiron ta përdorë këtë instrument për të krijuar një treg të mirëfilltë të mbrojtjes evropiane në vend të atij të fragmentuar kombëtar që ekziston aktualisht.
Vendet mund të aplikojnë për hua pa u bashkuar me një shtet tjetër vetëm gjatë vitit të parë. Pas kësaj – nga fundi i vitit 2026 deri në 2030 (kur skema përfundon) – dy ose më shumë vende duhet të aplikojnë së bashku.
Për të siguruar shpërndarje të drejtë të fondeve, pjesa e huave që u jepet tre vendeve anëtare me alokimin më të madh nuk duhet të tejkalojë 60 për qind të totalit prej 150 miliardë eurosh të ndarë për këtë skemë.
Kush mund të marrë pjesë?
Çështja kryesore muajin e fundit ka qenë kush mund të marrë pjesë në SAFE – duke balancuar dëshirat e ndryshme të vendeve anëtare për të rritur prodhimin e brendshëm me realitetin që jo çdo komponent mund të prodhohet në BE.
Për fillim, vendet e Shoqatës Evropiane të Tregtisë së Lirë (EFTA) – Islanda, Lihtenshtajni, Norvegjia dhe Zvicra – janë përfshirë në skemë. E njëjta gjë vlen edhe për vendin kandidat për anëtarësim në BE, Ukrainën.
Rregullorja arsyeton përfshirjen e tyre duke përmendur “partneritetin e ngushtë të këtyre vendeve me Unionin në prodhimin industrial të mbrojtjes” dhe faktin që “Ukraina është drejtpërdrejt përballë luftës së vazhdueshme të agresionit të Rusisë.”
‘Kompromisi i Brukselit’
Megjithatë, ka ende pakënaqësi.
Shtetet e Bashkuara, në veçanti, janë ankuar për përjashtimin nga ky proces.
Dhe shumë vende anëtare të BE-së – të interesuara për të ruajtur lidhjet ushtarake transatlantike ndërkohë që përfshijnë edhe partnerë të tjerë të ngushtë në aspekte të SAFE – kanë lobuar për ta hapur skemën për pjesëmarrje të mëtejshme nga jashtë.
Në fund, u arrit një “rregull 65-35”. Kjo do të thotë që 65 për qind e vlerës së armëve të blera duhet të gjenerohet në BE, në katër vendet e EFTA-s ose në Ukrainë. Pjesa tjetër prej 35 për qind mund të prodhohet diku tjetër, për shembull në Shtetet e Bashkuara.
Por, situata bëhet pak më komplekse.
Nëse një vend ka një Partneritet për Siguri dhe Mbrojtje (SDP) me BE-në, 65 për qind e vlerës së armëve mund të vijë nga ai shtet.
The United Kingdom recently signed such an agreement with the bloc, and Albania, Japan, Moldova, North Macedonia and South Korea also have similar agreements.
Ultimately, as one EU official told Radio Free Europe, the outcome is “a classic Brussels compromise” – a pretty big deal has been reached, but the money won’t start flowing until everyone, including many outside the family, gets their fair share.
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